Working with the keyboard

pyglet has support for low-level keyboard input suitable for games as well as locale- and device-independent Unicode text entry.

Keyboard input requires a window which has focus. The operating system usually decides which application window has keyboard focus. Typically this window appears above all others and may be decorated differently, though this is platform-specific (for example, Unix window managers sometimes couple keyboard focus with the mouse pointer).

You can request keyboard focus for a window with the activate() method, but you should not rely on this – it may simply provide a visual cue to the user indicating that the window requires user input, without actually getting focus.

Windows created with the WINDOW_STYLE_BORDERLESS or WINDOW_STYLE_TOOL style cannot receive keyboard focus.

It is not possible to use pyglet’s keyboard or text events without a window; consider using Python built-in functions such as raw_input instead.

Keyboard events

The on_key_press() and on_key_release() events are fired when any key on the keyboard is pressed or released, respectively. These events are not affected by “key repeat” – once a key is pressed there are no more events for that key until it is released.

Both events are parameterised by the same arguments:

def on_key_press(symbol, modifiers):
    pass

def on_key_release(symbol, modifiers):
    pass

Defined key symbols

The symbol argument is an integer that represents a “virtual” key code. It does not correspond to any particular numbering scheme; in particular the symbol is not an ASCII character code.

pyglet has key symbols that are hardware and platform independent for many types of keyboard. These are defined in pyglet.window.key as constants. For example, the Latin-1 alphabet is simply the letter itself:

key.A
key.B
key.C
...

The numeric keys have an underscore to make them valid identifiers:

key._1
key._2
key._3
...

Various control and directional keys are identified by name:

key.ENTER or key.RETURN
key.SPACE
key.BACKSPACE
key.DELETE
key.MINUS
key.EQUAL
key.BACKSLASH

key.LEFT
key.RIGHT
key.UP
key.DOWN
key.HOME
key.END
key.PAGEUP
key.PAGEDOWN

key.F1
key.F2
...

Keys on the number pad have separate symbols:

key.NUM_1
key.NUM_2
...
key.NUM_EQUAL
key.NUM_DIVIDE
key.NUM_MULTIPLY
key.NUM_SUBTRACT
key.NUM_ADD
key.NUM_DECIMAL
key.NUM_ENTER

Some modifier keys have separate symbols for their left and right sides (however they cannot all be distinguished on all platforms, including Mac OS X):

key.LCTRL
key.RCTRL
key.LSHIFT
key.RSHIFT
...

Key symbols are independent of any modifiers being held down. For example, lower-case and upper-case letters both generate the A symbol. This is also true of the number keypad.

Modifiers

The modifiers that are held down when the event is generated are combined in a bitwise fashion and provided in the modifiers parameter. The modifier constants defined in pyglet.window.key are:

MOD_SHIFT
MOD_CTRL
MOD_ALT         Not available on Mac OS X
MOD_WINDOWS     Available on Windows only
MOD_COMMAND     Available on Mac OS X only
MOD_OPTION      Available on Mac OS X only
MOD_CAPSLOCK
MOD_NUMLOCK
MOD_SCROLLLOCK
MOD_ACCEL       Equivalent to MOD_CTRL, or MOD_COMMAND on Mac OS X.

For example, to test if the shift key is held down:

if modifiers & MOD_SHIFT:
    pass

Unlike the corresponding key symbols, it is not possible to determine whether the left or right modifier is held down (though you could emulate this behaviour by keeping track of the key states yourself).

User-defined key symbols

pyglet does not define key symbols for every keyboard ever made. For example, non-Latin languages will have many keys not recognised by pyglet (however, their Unicode representation will still be valid, see Text and motion events). Even English keyboards often have additional so-called “OEM” keys added by the manufacturer, which might be labelled “Media”, “Volume” or “Shopping”, for example.

In these cases pyglet will create a key symbol at runtime based on the hardware scancode of the key. This is guaranteed to be unique for that model of keyboard, but may not be consistent across other keyboards with the same labelled key.

The best way to use these keys is to record what the user presses after a prompt, and then check for that same key symbol. Many commercial games have similar functionality in allowing players to set up their own key bindings.

Remembering key state

pyglet provides the convenience class KeyStateHandler for storing the current keyboard state. This can be pushed onto the event handler stack of any window and subsequently queried as a dict:

from pyglet.window import key

window = pyglet.window.Window()
keys = key.KeyStateHandler()
window.push_handlers(keys)

# Check if the spacebar is currently pressed:
if keys[key.SPACE]:
    pass

Text and motion events

pyglet decouples the keys that the user presses from the Unicode text that is input. There are several benefits to this:

• The complex task of mapping modifiers and key symbols to Unicode characters is taken care of automatically and correctly.
• Key repeat is applied to keys held down according to the user’s operating system preferences.
• Dead keys and compose keys are automatically interpreted to produce diacritic marks or combining characters.
• Keyboard input can be routed via an input palette, for example to input characters from Asian languages.
• Text input can come from other user-defined sources, such as handwriting or voice recognition.

The actual source of input (i.e., which keys were pressed, or what input method was used) should be considered outside of the scope of the application – the operating system provides the necessary services.

When text is entered into a window, the on_text() event is fired:

def on_text(text):
    pass

The only parameter provided is a Unicode string. For keyboard input this will usually be one character long, however more complex input methods such as an input palette may provide an entire word or phrase at once.

You should always use the on_text() event when you need to determine a string from a sequence of keystrokes. Conversely, you never use on_text() when you require keys to be pressed (for example, to control the movement of the player in a game).

Motion events

In addition to entering text, users press keys on the keyboard to navigate around text widgets according to well-ingrained conventions. For example, pressing the left arrow key moves the cursor one character to the left.

While you might be tempted to use the on_key_press() event to capture these events, there are a couple of problems:

• Key repeat events are not generated for on_key_press(), yet users expect that holding down the left arrow key will eventually move the character to the beginning of the line.
• Different operating systems have different conventions for the behaviour of keys. For example, on Windows it is customary for the Home key to move the cursor to the beginning of the line, whereas on Mac OS X the same key moves to the beginning of the document.

pyglet windows provide the on_text_motion() event, which takes care of these problems by abstracting away the key presses and providing your application only with the intended cursor motion:

def on_text_motion(motion):
    pass

motion is an integer which is a constant defined in pyglet.window.key. The following table shows the defined text motions and their keyboard mapping on each operating system.

Constant	Behaviour	Windows/Linux	Mac OS X
MOTION_UP	Move the cursor up	Up	Up
MOTION_DOWN	Move the cursor down	Down	Down
MOTION_LEFT	Move the cursor left	Left	Left
MOTION_RIGHT	Move the cursor right	Right	Right
MOTION_PREVIOUS_WORD	Move the cursor to the previuos word	Ctrl + Left	Option + Left
MOTION_NEXT_WORD	Move the cursor to the next word	Ctrl + Right	Option + Right
MOTION_BEGINNING_OF_LINE	Move the cursor to the beginning of the current line	Home	Command + Left
MOTION_END_OF_LINE	Move the cursor to the end of the current line	End	Command + Right
MOTION_PREVIOUS_PAGE	Move to the previous page	Page Up	Page Up
MOTION_NEXT_PAGE	Move to the next page	Page Down	Page Down
MOTION_BEGINNING_OF_FILE	Move to the beginning of the document	Ctrl + Home	Home
MOTION_END_OF_FILE	Move to the end of the document	Ctrl + End	End
MOTION_BACKSPACE	Delete the previous character	Backspace	Backspace
MOTION_DELETE	Delete the next character, or the current character	Delete	Delete

Keyboard exclusivity

Some keystrokes or key combinations normally bypass applications and are handled by the operating system. Some examples are Alt+Tab (Command+Tab on Mac OS X) to switch applications and the keys mapped to Expose on Mac OS X.

You can disable these hot keys and have them behave as ordinary keystrokes for your application. This can be useful if you are developing a kiosk application which should not be closed, or a game in which it is possible for a user to accidentally press one of these keys.

To enable this mode, call set_exclusive_keyboard() for the window on which it should apply. On Mac OS X the dock and menu bar will slide out of view while exclusive keyboard is activated.

The following restrictions apply on Windows:

• Most keys are not disabled: a user can still switch away from your application using Ctrl+Escape, Alt+Escape, the Windows key or Ctrl+Alt+Delete. Only the Alt+Tab combination is disabled.

The following restrictions apply on Mac OS X:

• The power key is not disabled.

Use of this function is not recommended for general release applications or games as it violates user-interface conventions.